Lillia de Vaux
eastern.crown@eastkingdom.org

East iLoI dated 18 November 2010

Greetings to the East Kingdom College of Heralds!

This letter includes submissions received from Heralds Point through the end of Pennsic.

"Intermediate changes" are changes such as the addition or deletion of elements like 'de' and 'the', or changes in language, as long as the effect of the changes is small. Secondly, for the Pennsic submissions, common sources that are readily available, such as articles from the Academy of Saint Gabriel website, were granted a special no-photocopy status, even if they are not listed in Appendix H of the Administrative Handbook.

Thank you to this month's commenters: Gawain of Miskbridge, Rohese de Dinan, Alys Mackyntoich, Marie de Blois, Katerine atte Wyshe de la Rye, Kolosvari Arpadne Julia, Brunissende Dragonette, Palotzi Marti, Yosef Alaric, Eleazar ha-Levi, Robert Fairfax, and Irayari Vairavi.

Yours in service,
Lillia de Vaux, Eastern Crown Herald

1: Agatha Wanderer - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Or, a schnecke issuant from sinister chief purpure

No major changes. Agatha is found in Withycombe, s.n. Agatha, dated 1186-1215 in this spelling, as well as in Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "German Names from 1495" (http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/german/german1495.html). Wanderer is found in Aryanhwy's "German Names from Nürnberg 1497" (http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/german/surnamesnurnn-z.html).

2: Akechi Daitarou Katsuhiro - New Name forwarded & New Badge forwarded

(Fieldless) Three triangles one and two conjoined at the points within and conjoined to an annulet azure

Client requests authenticity for Semgoku/Mumoyama sumo wrestler. Akechi is found on p. 315 of NCMJ. Daitarou is a yobina constructed from <Daiji> 'big' (Chinese reading), dated 1126 (ibid., p. 101, s.n. Big) and <-tarou> 'first son', found in the following yobina:

<Tarou> - 1600 - pp. 211, 373, s.nn. First Son and Ta
<Genkutarou> - 1600 - pp. 211, 215, 370, 200, s.nn. First Son, Nine, Ge, Boy/Young Scholar
<Kentarou> - 1600 - pp. 211 and 243, s.n. First Son
<Kutarou> - 1568 - pp. 211 and 371, s.nn. First Son and Ku
<Kentarou> - 1600, pp. 211, 243, s.n. First Son
<Matatarou> - 1600 and 1392 - pp. 211 and 372, s.nn. First Son and Ma
<Yatarou> - 1438 and 1428 - pp. 211, 254, 373, s.nn. First Son, Nostalgic (2nd listing), and Ya
<Yotarou> - 1600 - pp. 186, 211, 373, s.nn. Team Up, First Son, and Yo
<Yogotarou> - 1600 - pp. 186, 211, 214, 373, s.nn. Team Up, First Son, Five, and Yo
<Yo'ichitarou> - 1183 and 1147 - pp. 211, 212, 373, s.nn. First Son, One, and Yo.

Katsuhiro is a constructed nanori; <katsu-> is a prototheme meaning 'victory' (p. 257, ibid.), and <-hiro> is a deuterotheme meaning 'spread out' (p. 101, ibid.). The structure family name + yobina + nanori is found in this period (ibid.)

'Dai- is the Chinese reading of 'big', whereas the Japanese reading of Oo seems to be more common. The construction of Katsuhiro follows the pattern of other nanori: Katsumoto, Katsutoshi, Katsutoyo, etc. (ibid., p. 257), and Nobuhiro, Norihiro, and Sadahiro, etc. (ibid., p. 101). As such, this name appears to be properly constructed.

3: Aleksei Gensel - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Argent, on a cross between four geese displayed azure a goose displayed argent

The name was submitted as Alexi Gensel. The name documentation summary was inadvertently not provided by Heralds Point. There is a step from period practice for the use of a bird, other than an eagle, displayed.

Alexi was documented as a Russian masculine given name in Wickenden, "A Dictionary of Period Russian Names" ( http://heraldry.sca.org/paul/a.html). Upon checking that source, s.n. Aleksei, similar attested forms are <Alexe> (1448), <Allexe> (1448), <Aleksei> (1449), <Al'ksii> (15th century), and <Aleksii> (1609). <Aleksy> is the expected masculine form of the feminine Polish name <Alexycha>, dated 1551 [Abramowicz et al, S{l/}ownik Historycznych Nazw Osobowych Bia{l/}ostocczyzyny (XV-XVII w.), vol. 1. Istytut Filologii Wschodnios{l/}owiańskiej Uniwersytetu w Bia{l/}ymstoku, Bia{l/}ystok, 1997]. Walraven's article "Polish Given Names in Nazwiska Polaków" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/walraven/polish/ has an entry for "Aleksy, Leksy, Oleksy (Alexius) [Alexis]", with the caveat that the forms in parentheses are Latin/Greek/German forms given by Rymut, and the forms in brackets are "familiar forms" added to aid the reader. The given name was changed to the attested form <Aleksei> (1449) to better match the documentation, and to retain the language of the submitted form.

Gensel is the submitter's legal surname. A copy of his driver's license was obtained. The submitter also noted that the name is German for 'little goose'. Alexander Beider, A Dictionary of Ashkenazic Given Names: Their Origins, Structure, Pronunciation, and Migrations (Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, Inc., 2001), s.n. Gans, states that Gans is derived from the "(Judeo-) German common noun meaning goose, cf. Middle High German gans, modern German Gans, Yiddish gandz." A derived form in the same entry is <Gänsl>, which is found in a German record in Hungary, dated 1564. This instance is followed by the likely corresponding Yiddish form (i.e., phonetic form), <Gensl>. Another derived form, <Gensslein> from German records from Bavaria, 1490, is also listed, along with the phonetic form <Genslayn> (ibid.). Bahlow/Gentry, s.n. Ganser, also includes <Henne Gensfleisch ['goose flesh'] zum Gutenberg>, 1400. Thus, Gans- and the submitted Gens- seem to be equally acceptable in period.

The combination of Russian and German is a step from period practice [Tatiana Heinemann, 08/2001]. Alternatively, if the submitted spelling of the given name can be justified in Polish, the combination with German is also a step from period practice [Iwan Berenthaler, 03/2010].

4: Anna Tailor - New Name Change forwarded & New Device Change forwarded

Or, on a closed book palewise gules between three roses proper a spool of thread Or

Old Item: Ela Bathory, to be released. Old Item: Azure semy-de-lys, an open book argent, to be released. The submitter desires a female name. No major changes. Meaning (unspecified) most important. Her current name and device were registered in 03/2008 via the East. Anna is found in Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada, "Feminine Given Names in Chesham, 1538-1600/1" (http://www.medievalscotland.org/kmo/Chesham/feminine.shtml), dated 1586. Tailor is found in Bardsley, s.n. Taylor, dated 1593.

5: Anna Tailor - New Badge forwarded

(Fieldless) On a closed book palewise gules, three roses Or seeded gules barbed vert

6: Azumi Nariko - New Name forwarded

The submitter desires a female name. No major changes. Language (Early Kamakura Japanese) most important. Culture (Early Kamakura Japanese) most important. Azumi is found in NCMJ, s.n. Azumi (p. 390) as an uji name. Nariko is found as a given name on p. 240 (ibid.). According to Solveig (who was consulting herald), <uji name> + <given name> is a typical name construction for females of the early Kamakura period.

It was noted in commentary that Azumi is listed as an "ancient" clan, and is not specifically dated in NCMJ. Nariko is dated 1183.

7: Benoît Théophile - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Vert, an hourglass and on a chief embattled argent three roses vert

The submitter desires a male name. Sound (French or Greek pronunciation of byname is ok) most important. Benoit is the name of a saint who lived 480-543. This spelling is found in a placename dated to 1308 (St Benoit) in D&R, s.n. St-Benezet. Theophile is a header form in Morlet Dictionnaire, which states that it is a baptismal name and infrequent patronym, representing the Greek name <Theophilos>, and the Latin form <Theophilus>. Theophilus Presbyter was the author of De diversis artibus (On Divers Arts), c. 1125. (http://books.google.com/books?id=MMiLTJqvYnYC). The submitted given name is an expected vernacular form.

Colm Dubh, "An Index to Given Names in the 1292 Census of Paris" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/paris.html#B) lists the masculine names <Benéoit>, <Beneoit> <Beneoite>, <Benoet>, and <Benoiet>, and the feminine name <Benoite>. <Benoit> also appears in Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "French Names from Paris, 1421, 1423, & 1438" (http://heraldry.sca.org/names/french/paris1423.html). <Benoist> appears in Aryanhwy's "Names from Choisy, France, 1475-1478" (http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/french/choisy.html). As the circumflex was used in French typefaces in the 16th century (Hendrik D. L. Vervliet, The palaeotypography of the French Renaissance: selected papers on sixteenth-century typefaces, Volume 1, pp. 118 and 192, http://books.google.com/books?id=6sidSDlif48C&pg=PA118 ), the diacritical mark has been retained in the name.

A "Théophile Sarrazin, Sieur de Salneuve, secretary of the Prince of Conde, a refugee at Geneva" is found as a footnote in 'Elizabeth: August 1587, 16-31', Calendar of State Papers Foreign, Elizabeth, Volume 21, Part 1: 1586-1588 (1927), pp. 355-367 (http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=74791). This explanation is to the mention of "Sarazin" in an entry dated Aug. 18/28, 1587. There is also a French poet, Théophile de Viau, c. 1590-1626. A 1631 edition of Les Oevvres dv sievr Theophile (The Works of Lord Theophile) gives his name as Theophile (http://books.google.com/books?id=B8wqtIlSEaIC).

The byname is intended as an inherited surname derived from an unmarked patronym. An example of this pattern is <Thommas Godefray>, found in Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "French Names from Chastenay, 1448-1457" (http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/french/chastenay.html). Use of the acute accent is found in names like <André> and <Hervé> in Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "Names Found in Commercial Documents from Bordeaux, 1470-1520" (http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/french/bordeaux.html). As such, the accent in the byname was retained..

8: Beorn bjarnylr Ulfsson - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Sable, a bear sejant erect maintaining over his shoulder a mace and on a chief embattled argent three spears inverted sable

The name was submitted as Beorn Bjarnylr Ulfsson. No major changes. Meaning (unspecified) most important. Beorn is found in "Jeuson, Scandinavian Names", s.n. Bjorn (pp. 54-5), with this spelling dated 1163. It was thought that the consulting herald intended this as Fellows Jenson, Scandinavian Personal Names in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire. bjarnylr is a descriptive byname meaning 'bear-warmth', found in Geirr Bassi, p. 20. Ulfsson is a patronymic byname formed according to p. 17 from the masculine given name <Ulfr>, found on p. 15 (ibid.). The descriptive byname was added to clear a conflict with Bjorn Ulfsson (10/1997, An Tir). The submitter will accept intermediate and minor changes, specifically the spelling of the descriptive bjarnylr. He wants it to be Beorn son of Ulf, with the Beorn spelling retained.

It was noted in commentary that SMP (http://www.sofi.se/5187), s.n. Biorn includes Beorn, dated 1200. The capitalization of the descriptive byname was corrected to match the documentation. Whether it is appropriate to use the name pattern <given name + nickname + patronym> was not addressed by commenters. It was also unclear if changes needed to be (or could be) made to make it linguistically compatible, especially considering the submitter's preferred spelling and the disallowance of major changes.

9: Ceolwenne of Endeweard - New Name Change forwarded

The name was submitted as Ceolwenne of Endewearde. Old Item: Leofleda of Endeweard, to be released. The submitter desires a female name. No major changes. Language/culture (unspecified) most important. Spelling most important. Her current name is on 06/2010 LOAR. Ceolwenne is from Marieke van de Dal, "Anglo-Saxon Women's Names from Royal Charters" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/marieke/anglosaxonfem/), with the article citing it as "Ceolwenne S-1513, c. 900; English". Endeweard, Shire of is a branch name registered in 01/1987, via the East. The submission form notes that the submitter desires Anglo-Saxon culture, and that she focused on names noted as being English rather than Latin.

Her current name was registered as Leofleda of Endeweard on the 06/2010 LOAR (East). The name was changed to Ceolwenne of Endeweard in order to correct the spelling of the branch name.

10: Conchobar mac Mainchín Ui Laoidhigh - New Device forwarded

Quarterly gules and azure, two stags combattant and a bordure embattled argent

His name was registered 07/2006 via the East.

11: Elaine Howys of Morningthorpe - New Name forwarded

No major changes. Language (French, 1500s spelling of Elaine (or Eliane)) most important. Culture (French, 1500s spelling of Elaine or Eliane) most important. Elaine is found in Withycombe, s.n. Elaine, as the OFr form of Helen, which appears in chansons de geste. Howys is found in Hitching & Hitching, 1601. Morningthorpe is a parish in South Norfolk, according to Ekwall, s.n. Thorpe. Period spellings are <Maringatorp> (DB, 1066), <Meringetorp> (1198), with the -thorpe ending supported by <Castelthorpe> (1252), in the same entry (ibid.). The submitter would prefer the name Eliane, if it can be found. Her husband, Robert Howys of Morningthorpe (below) wanted a spelling of the byname that was appropriate for 1500s England. If his name is changed, she wants to change her byname to match.

The submitter's preferred given name, Eliane, was not found during the commentary period. The locative is also found as <Moryngthorpe> in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (http://books.google.com/books?id=9_5aAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195, p. 195), dated 1517. The i/y switch is unremarkable, so the submitted spelling was considered to be plausible for late period England. The submitter is aware that her name is a combination of French and English, and that the submitted spelling of Howys could not be found in her desired century.

12: Elizabeth Pleyledere - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Argent, a phoenix gules and on a chief sable a roundel between an increscent and a decrescent argent

The submitter desires a female name. No major changes. Sound ('Ellizz-uh-beth Play-luh-deer') most important. Elizabeth is found in Withycombe, s.n. Elizabeth, which states, "Elizabeth is found in England from time to time in the 13th and 14th centuries but did not become common until the end of the 15th century." Pleyledere can be found in Jeanne Marie Lacroix, "Misplaced Names in A Dictionary of English Surnames" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/misplaced names.html), dated 1327.

Elizabeth also appears in Talan Gwynek, "Feminine Given Names in A Dictionary of English Surnames" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/reaneyAG.html), dated 1279, and 1340-1450.

A concern was raised in commentary about the identifiability of the crescents, but it was felt that they were similar in shape to some period examples, even if they weren't as rounded as the standard SCA depiction.

13: Erik le Haubergier - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Sable, a cross within a bordure and in canton a compass rose argent

The submitter desires a male name. Erik is the submitter's legal given name, as attested by Brunissende and Wirdo. le Haubergier is dated 1201 in Jeanne-Marie Lacroix, "Misplaced Names in A Dictionary of English Surnames" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/misplacednamesbyname.htm), s.n. Habbeshaui. The submitter allows only the minimum changes necessary to make the name more authentic.

14: Fionan Mac Leoid of Armagh - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Per chevron azure and gules, a stag's massacre between three oak leaves argent

The name was submitted as Fiónán MacLeóid of Armagh. The submitter desires a female name. No major changes. Language/culture ('is willing to have changes for language unifo[mity?]') most important. Fíonán is a masculine given name found in OC&M, s.n. Fínán as the name of 11 early saints. MacLeóid is a header form in Woulfe, which states that "some of them settled in Ireland in the 16th century". It is also found in Black, s.n. MacLeod. of Armagh - Room, s.n. Armagh lists Armagh and gives the modern Gaelic form as <Ard Macha>. The Fiants of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth includes <Alexander Pluncket, of Armagh", dated 1602, record 6622 (5412).

The submitter confirmed via email that he wanted a male name. The given name was found in The Annals of the Four Masters, CELT archive, M659.3 (http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005A/text049.html and http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005A/index.html): "Fionán mac Rimedha, epscop, d'écc." ("Finan, son of Rimeadh, a bishop, died.") The given name was also found in a 19th century translation of a 1630 matryology of Irish saints (The martyrology of Donegal, http://books.google.com/books?id=clR5GAXu0V8C), showing that the name should be eligible for the saint's name allowance.

It was also noted that the patronym is in Scots. As it stands, the name is a combination of Gaelic, Scots, and English. RfS III.1, Name Grammar and Syntax, states that a name should not combine more than three languages. This name just squeaks by on that; however, we have a step from period practice for the combination of Gaelic and English [Ian MacHenrik, 10/1999], and a second for combining Gaelic and Scots [Elspeth O'Shea, 02/2000]. There is no step from period practice for combining English and Scots [Michael Duncan of Hadley, 04/2004]. Since we have two steps from period practice, the name would ordinarily need to be returned. However, although the submitter has not allowed major changes, he has allowed changes in language. Mac Leoid is found in the Annals of the Four Masters, CELT archive, M1595.15 (http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100005F.html and http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005F/index.html): "Tánaicc Ó Domhnaill iaramh co Dún na n-Gall, & baí i h-isuidhe go meadhon August. Ro h-aisneidheadh do-sidhe tasccar Albanach do theacht i t-tír i l-Loch Febhail .i. Mac Leoid na h-Ara" ("O'Donnell then went to Donegal, and remained there till the middle of August. He was informed that a number of Scots had landed at Lough Foyle, with their chief, Mac Leod of Ara..."). As such, the name has been changed to Fionán Mac Leoid of Armagh in order to eliminate one of the steps from period practice, and to better match the documentation, including the accents on the name. The submitter confirmed that the change was acceptable.

Correction: As the accents varied so much between sources, it was difficult to know where they should be placed. Rather than get it wrong, they were removed entirely.

15: Fortune Sante Keyne - New Device forwarded

Counter-ermine, a wheel Or within a bordure ermine

Her name was registered 04/2010 via the East.

No conflicts were found for Vanna... er, Fortune's device.

16: Francesco Gaetano Greco d'Edessa - New Badge forwarded

Sable, an Eastern Orthodox cross and in chief a compass star Or

His name was registered 06/2004 via the East. His device, Azure, a Latin cross flory and on a chief Or, three compass stars gules, was registered 08/1993 (East). He also has four badges, one of which is being transferred to someone else (East Kingdom 31-Oct-2010 External Letter). If this badge is registered, he will have the five pieces of armory after that transfer. The submission was initially marked as a kingdom resubmission, but this could not be verified. As such, the forms have been revised to make this a new submission, and the submitter has paid accordingly.

There is a step from period practice for the use of a compass star.

17: Gareth Grey de Wilton - Resub Badge forwarded

(Fieldless) On a tower argent within and conjoined to an annulet Or a cross clechy gules

His name was registered in 02/2005, and a device, Per bend embattled argent and gules, a cross clechy gules, was registered 09/2007 via the East. This is a resubmission of (Fieldless) On a tower argent a cross formy gules, which was returned for conflict with Iain MacQuarrie (11/2001, East), Quarterly vert and sable, on a tower argent a fret gules on the October 2009 East Letter of Decision.

Commenters noted that the design is barely conjoined; however, as there's really no way to conjoin them further, it is being sent on up.

18: Gwenhwyvar uxor Edwini - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Argent, a fox salient gules charged with an open book Or and on a chief gules an open book between two foxes passant respectant argent

No major changes. Meaning ('Gwenhwyvar wife of Edwin') most important. Gwenhwyvar is found in Tangwystyl verch Morgant Glasvryn, "A Simple Guide to Constructing 16th Century Welsh Names (in English Contexts)" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/tangwystyl/welsh16.html). uxor is Latin for 'wife', found in Tangwystyl's "A Simple Guide to Constructing 13th Century Welsh Names" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/tangwystyl/welsh13.html). Edwini is the expected Latinized genitive form of Edwin (ibid.). The name is purportedly found in Lancashire in the 16th century according to Withycombe, s.n. Edwin. The submitter will allow intermediate changes.

Edwin is also found in Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "English Given Names from 16th and Early 17th C Marriage Records" (http://heraldry.sca.org/names/english/parishes/parishes.html), s.n. Edwin, dated 1609.

Commenters noted that the use of the Latin particle uxor in an otherwise 16th or early 17th century name seemed odd. However, the term is found generically in legal documents in '1541 London Subsidy roll: Billingsgate Ward', Two Tudor subsidy rolls for the city of London: 1541 and 1582 (1993), pp. 17-21. (http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36098). Examples are <uxor Smythe>, <uxor Russell>, <Uxor Collynge>, etc. It was also found in Latin documents, 20 Elizabeth I, with <Elinora Brome uxor Christoferi Brome>, found in 'Indictments and other matters concering Catholic priests: Temp. Elizabeth I and James I', Middlesex county records: Volume 2: 1603-25 (1887), pp. 188-209. (http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66002). There is no step from period practice for the combination of Welsh and English [Cover Letter, 08/1999]. It was thought that Latinized English would be similarly compatible with Welsh, or at most just a single step from period practice, especially since the Latin uxor is found in both Welsh and English contexts.

19: Hafnar-Ulfr - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Azure, a wolf rampant between three fireballs argent

The name was submitted as Hafnar Ulfr. The submitter desires a male name. Meaning (prefers to keep meaning of given name) most important. Hafnar- 'haven' is found in Geirr Bassi, p. 22. Ulfr 'wolf' is found on p. 15 (ibid.)

Hafnar is a prepended byname, so the normal formation is to hyphenate the name (ibid., p. 18). This change has been made. Despite the appearance of a single name, it is a prepended byname and a given name. This formation is not uncommon in Old Norse [Yxna-Sigarr, 02/2005], so is registerable.

20: Helga stjarna - New Badge returned

(Fieldless) A rat rampant azure maintaining a mullet of six points Or

Her name and device, Azure, in bend three mullets of six points, on a chief Or a rat passant azure, were registered on the 04/2010 LoAR (East).

Unfortunately, this badge conflicts with Kamilla van Anderlecht (02/1994, East), (Fieldless) A rat sejant erect azure. No difference is given between the two postures, nor is one given for adding a maintained charge, so there is only one CD for fieldlessness.

21: Hildemar von Regensburg - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Sable, a tyger sejant regardant between three caltrops, a bordure embattled argent

The submitter desires a male name (the submitter is female, and this request was verified by the submitter). No major changes. Meaning (Hildemar from Regensburg) most important. Hildemar is the name of a saint who was the Benedictine bishop of Beauvais, France (consecrated in 821). It is also the name of a priest from Tournai, Belgium, who was a chaplain in the court of William the Conqueror in England. Hildemarus is a masculine given name found in Morlet Vol I (p. 130), citing Carolingian inventories from the 9th century. Other spellings (ibid.) are <Hildimar> (a. 818), <Hildamarus> (9th C), <Hildemirus> (9th C), <Hiltimar> (9th C), <Hildmarus> (a. 788), <Eldemarus> (a. 870 to 993), and <Hilmarus> (a. 822). (The approximate dates of Morlet's sources were checked online against the original citations, if possible.) Hildemarus is also found in Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Braunschweig und Lüneburg und ihrer lande (H. Sudendorg, ed.; 1859; http://books.google.com/books?id=fjwOAAAAQAAJ), in the names of <hildemarus cluuere> (1304), <Hildemarus de Stenberghe> (1344-65), and <Hildemarus de oberghe> (1344-65). These are from Latin texts (not normalized) from Lower Saxony, and the names appear on pp. 104 (201 of PDF), 41 (596), and 43 (598), respectively. The submitted spelling seems to be a reasonable vernacular form of the name. Lastly, Hildemar is found in Bahlow/Gentry, s.n. Hil(l)mer , which states that it was a "popular personal name in LGer-Fris area". Dated spellings are <Hillemarus filius Hildemari> (1294), <Hildemers> (1374, surname), and <Hilmer> (1350, surname). von is the locative preposition in German, an example of which is <von Bern>, found in Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "German Names from Rottweil, Baden-Württemberg, 1441" (http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/german/rottweilsur.html). Regensburg is found in Brechenmacher, s.n. Regensburger, dated 1322. Bahlow Deutschlands Geographie, s.n. Regensburg, gives the spelling <Reganesdorf> (870), as well as <Ratisbona> (undated) under the entry for Ratingen. The spellings <Regenspurg>, <Regenspurgk>, and <Regenspurk> are found in Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "German Place Names from a 16th C Czech Register" (http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/german/germanplace.html). This register is written in a North Bavarian dialect (a form of High German). The submitter is willing to accept French or German to get the desired meaning. Note that the combination of Frankish with either French [Lillia de Vaux, 10/2006] or German [Uadalrich von Sachsenhusen, 04/2006] is a step from period practice. Similarly, the combination of Low and High German is a step from period practice [Heinrich Thies, 11/2007]. The submitter was contacted for conditional permission of major changes in case a Frankish form of the byname needed to be used to avoid a second SFPP (prior to the German instances of the given name being found). The submitter clarified that she wants "a period-appropriate name for 1450 that translates to 'Hildemar from Regensburg'". She would like to keep the given name, but is not tied to the Regensburg spelling if it must be changed. She has stated, for example, that she would accept the <Regenspurg> spelling found above.

Commenters noted that the embattlements should be deeper, with fewer repeats. However, due to the need to fit the primary and secondary charges into the design, it was felt that there wasn't much room to do so without hampering identifiabiity. As such, it is being forwarded for Wreath to decide.

22: Ian Douglas - New Device forwarded

Papellony azure and argent, a melusine vert and on a chief argent a compass rose vert

His name was registered 05/2005 via the East.

23: Johannes filius Nicholai - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Sable, a chevron Or between three Latin crosses one and two and a pheon argent

Meaning (unspecified) most important. Johannes is found in R&W, s.n. John, which has <Petrus Johannis>, 230 CI (sf) [1230]. It is the Latin of John, and was a common English name in the 12th to 15th centuries according to Withycombe, s.n. John. filius is the Latin for 'son'. Nicholai is found in R&W, s.n. Nicholas, with <Waleram Nicholai>, 98 cur (sf) [1198].

The given name is also found in Talan Gwynek, "Given Names from Early 13th Century England" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/eng13/eng13m.html), s.n. John. The patronym is found in Bardsley, s.n. Nicholas, with <John fil. Nicholai> dated 1273. <filius Nicholai> is also found in Mari Elspeth nic Bryan, "An Index to the 1332 Lay Subsidy Rolls for Lincolnshire, England" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/mari/LincLSR/BynN.html).

24: Katherine de Staverton - New Alternate Name forwarded

Judith bas Rabbi Mendel

Her name was submitted as Judith bat Rabbi Mendel. No changes. Her primary name was registered 06/2006, and a device, Azure, a bend engrailed between a dove volant and a cat sejant guardant argent, in 01/2007, both via the East. Judith is documented from Eleazar ha-Levi, "Jewish Naming Convention in Angevin England" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/jewish.html). bat is the patronymic particle beth-tav meaning 'daughter [of]', using the Sephardic pronunciation per Julie Stampnitsky, "Medieval Jewish Names Research: Glossary for Titles and Bynames" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/juetta/titles.html) According to the documentation summary, Rabbi is an honorific for 'parent', citing Julie Stampnitsky, "Names from Hebrew Chronicles of the 10th to 13th Centuries" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/juetta/crusades.html). This couldn't be corroborated from that source, and Eleazar's article glosses the meaning as 'teacher', 'master', or 'magister'. The titles/bynames glossary cited above says it's for someone ordained. Mendel is found as a given name in Bahlow/Gentry, s.n. Mendel, dated 1365, 1381, and 1414.

Judith is a popular Biblical name (Genesis 26:34 and the Book of Judith) in Germany according to Beider, A Dictionary of Ashkenazic Given Names: Their Origins, Structure, Pronunciation, and Migrations (Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, Inc., 2001), s.n. Yudes. It is dated 1147 in Würtzburg and before 1342 in Nürnberg (both German transcriptions from Hebrew), and it is noted that the Hebrew form was common in the Rhineland in 1096, but unknown in southern Germany in 1298. Christian use of the submitted spelling in German records was dated 1375, <Juditt> in German in 1412, and <Judyt/Judit> in Czech in 1546. Bahlow/Gentry, s.n. Judith notes that it is used as a popular literary name as early as the 12th century.

Mendel is also found in Beider, s.n. Man, as a hypocoristic form. The introduction for the name mentions a <Manoach Mendl> found in a 15th century Hebrew source, and notes that <Mendl> was likely a kinnui, or vernacular name. It is sometimes considered the kinnui for Zacharia and Gershon (c.f. Skharye and Gershn). The earliest citations for the Hebrew form were dated 1349 in Nürnberg and Prague (the latter transliterated as <Mendeln>). Hebrew instances were also found in Prague in 1580 and 1615-1724. The submitted spelling is found in Swabia and Frankfurt (German, undated), in Vienna (German) in 1381, in Moravia (German) in 1396, in Hungary (Latin) in 1474-1527, in Brandenburg (German) in 1509, in Great Poland (Latin) in 1519, in Alsace (German) in 1531, and in Lwów (Polish) in 1606.

The use of a title like Rabbi in Jewish names is found in Julie Stampnitzky, "Names from Hebrew Chronicles of the 10th to 13th Centuries" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/juetta/crusades.html), with German example, <Shmuel b[en] Rabbi Avraham haLevi> found in the 13th century (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/juetta/masc/avraham.html, s.n. Avraham). Another example, <Yoel b[en] Rabbi Yitzchak>, was found in Germany in the 12th century (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/juetta/acrostic.html). It was considered plausible that women's name could have also used the title in patronymic bynames. Commenters could not find a real-life conflict for a Rabbi Mendel, so the name was not felt to be a presumptuous claim to relationship (RfS VI.3).

Per precedent, modern standard transliterations are registerable for languages like Hebrew [Avraham Harofeh, 10/2003], so the submitted spellings of Judith and Mendel should be acceptable. However, as the patronym is documented from Ashkenazic Jewish sources, that entire name phrase needs to be linguistically consistent, even if the underlying Hebrew is unchanged [see Sera bat Josce, 06/2010]. Therefore, the name must use the Ashkenazic bas for the Hebrew patronymic particle in order to prevent a return. Although the form specified that no changes were allowed, the submitter has specifically authorized this change.

25: Kean Gryffyth - New Device forwarded

Vert, a bear sejant erect argent and in base three plates one and two

His name was registered 08/1998 (East).

26: Klaus Winterhalter von Walachey - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Per fess Or and gules, an eagle rising contourny regardant sable and on a chief embattled azure three mullets of eight points voided and interlaced Or

The name was submitted as Klaus von Winterhalter von Wallachia. Klaus is a hypocoristic form of Nikola(u)s, a saint's name attested in Bahlow, Unsere Vornamen im Wandel der Jahrhunderte. <Nokolaus Kopernukus> dates to 1472. Talan Gwynek, "Medieval German Given Names from Silesia" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/talan/bahlow/), s.n. Nicolaus dates <Klas> to 1420. Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "German Names from 1495" (http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/german/german1495.html) gives 36 instances of <Claus>. As such, the submitted spelling seems to be a reasonable variant. von is the German locative preposition. Winterhalter is found in Brechenmacher, which lists a <Gilgemann Winterhalder, zu Hugelheim>, 1479. Bahlow/Gentry appears to date the submitted spelling to 1460 in Freiburg. Wallachia is a place name, shown in a picture captioned "Die walachey" by Hartmann Schlebel, 1493 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cronica_nurenburg.jpg). The client wants 'Klaus' and 'Winterhalter' to be unchanged. The form indicates that he would prefer 'von Winterhalter', but upon follow up at Pennsic, it was found that he would prefer 'Winterhalter' without the preposition. This was confirmed by email after Pennsic.

von is the locative preposition in German, an example of which is <von Bern>, found in Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "German Names from Rottweil, Baden-Württemberg, 1441" (http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/german/rottweilsur.html). The submitter's requested change (dropping the first von) has been made. In addition, the locative was changed to the attested form (just capitalized) in order to better match the documentation. Assistance finding the submitted form is appreciated.

27: Kusunoki Yoshimoto - Resub Device forwarded

Argent, three bars wavy azure and in chief two arrows inverted in saltire gules

His name was registered 09/1995 via the East. The form noted that this was a resubmission, but the submitter was charged for a new submission. Upon checking the ECH files, it was found that he has had three submissions that were returned. Argent, a Japanese stream fesswise azure within and conjoined to a bordure sable was returned at the time of his name registration, Argent, three barrulets wavy azure and in chief a roundel sable was returned 08/1998, and Argent, a demi-roundel gules issuant from three barrulets beviled azure, was returned 10/2002, all submitted via the East.

28: Lassar Ingen Áeda - New Device returned

Sable, on a bend sinister azure fimbriated between a triskele of boar's heads and a triskele of raven's heads, a salmon argent

Her name was registered 06/1995 via the East.

Unfortunately, this device breaks the so-called "sword-and-dagger" rule, which disallows the use of two similar but different charges of the same type (triskele, in this case) in the same charge group, and must be returned. Note that it is likely that the device also has two steps from period practice - one for the use of a triskele of boar's heads, and one for the triskele of raven's heads. If so, that is also grounds for return.

29: Llywelyn ab Olwyn - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Sable, a chevron cotised between two mallets and an eagle, a bordure argent

The submitter desires a male name. No major changes. Language/culture (13th C Welsh) most important. Llywelyn is found in Withycombe, s.n. Llewel(l)yn, dated to 1213. ab Olwyn is a patronym based on <Olwyn>, a masculine given name found in Tangwystyl verch Morgant Glasvryn, "Names and Naming Practices in the Merioneth Lay Subsidy Roll 1292-3" (KWHSS Proceedings, 1991). <ab> is used because the father's given name starts with a vowel. The name is formed according to the information in Tangwystyl's article "A Simple Guide to Constructing 13th Century Welsh Names" (http://www.heatherrosejones.com/names/welsh/simple13thmerioneth.html).

The documentation summary was not accurate for the given name. Withycombe states that the submitted spelling is an alternate spelling of the header form in Welsh. The 1213 instance cited was for the name <Leolina>, not the submitted name. Tangwystyl's article on 13th century names (cited above) includes <Lewelin> and <Lewelyn> (both taken from the 1292-3 Merioneth Lay Subsidy Roll). Bardsley, s.n. Ivor includes <Llewelyn ap Ivor>, dated 1321. The submitted spelling is attested in Tangwystyl's article "Snapshot of a Cantref: The Names and Naming Practices in a Mawddwy Court Roll of 1415-16" (http://www.heatherrosejones.com/names/welsh/mawddwy1415.html), along with the Latin ablative forms <Llywelino> and <Llywelyno>.

30: Lúta Þóraldsdóttir - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Or, a dragon displayed purpure on a chief vert three fireballs Or

The name was submitted as Lúta Þoraldsdóttir. Sound ('loo-tah') most important. Lúta is found in Geirr Bassi (p. 13) as a feminine form of Lútr. Þoraldsdóttir is a patronymic byname formed from the masculine given name Þóraldr (ibid., pp. 16-7). The submitter asks that no changes be made to the given name that would change the sound.

As accents must be used consistently or dropped altogether, the name was changed to Lúta Þóraldsdóttir.

31: Magnús œðikollr - Resub Device forwarded

Gules, an open book azure en soleil Or, on a chief argent a bear passant sable

His name was accepted and a device, Gules, an open book Or bound sable en soleil Or, on a chief argent a bear passant sable, was returned on the 04/2010 LoAR (East):

32: Marian Kirkpatrick - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Quarterly argent and vert, a Maltese cross counterchanged and a bordure sable

The submitter desires a female name. No major changes. Meaning (spelling: Marian with an a, not o; wants a Scottish name) most important. Marian is found in Talan Gwynek, "Late 16th Century English Given Names" (http://heraldry.sca.org/heraldry/laurel/names/eng16/eng16ffreq.html). Kirkpatrick is from Black, s.n. Kirkpatrick, which cites an "<Ivone de Kirkpatrick> has a charter on the whole land of Kelosbern from Alexander II in 1232", and includes <Roger de Kirpatric> (1523).

Although the submitter does not want the given name to be spelled with an o, she should know that the Marian spelling could not be found in Scots during commentary. The spellings <Marion>, <Marione>, <Marioun>, <Marioune>, <Merione>, <Mareoun>, and <Mareoune> were found. <Marioun(e)> seemed to be the most common spelling.

Another spelling, <Kirkpatrik> was found in Records of the Scottish Parliament (http://www.rps.ac.uk/), in non-normalized entrys dated 22 August 1584 and 14 April 1567. A very similar spelling, <Kirkpatryk> was found in 1439 in 'Lateran Regesta, 366: 1439', Calendar of Papal Registers Relating to Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 9: 1431-1447 (1912), pp. 48-55 (http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=103393). The given name <Patrick> (along with <Patrik>) was found in Muirgheal inghean Alasdair, "16th and 17th Century Scots Names from Andrew Melville's Commonplace Book" (http://www.mulletargent.com/projects/aberdeennames.html). As such, the submitted spelling of the byname was considered to be plausible in a time compatible with the given name. The combination of English and Scots is registerable without a step from period practice .

The depiction of the Maltese cross was questioned; however, according to the current standard on Maltese crosses (05/2007 Cover Letter), the arms must be at least as wide as the space between them. As these are larger than the open space, identifiability is not fatally compromised.

33: Marieta Charay - New Name forwarded

No major changes. Sound (unspecified) most important. Marieta is a feminine given name found in Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "Names from Périgueux, 1339-1340" (http://heraldry.sca.org/names/french/perigueux.html). The tax record used to compile the data in this article was from an Occitan-speaking region. Charay is a byname in Juliana de Luna, "Occitan Townspeople in the 14th Century - Bynames" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/occitan/occitan_bynames.html).

34: Marietta da Firenze - New Release of badge forwarded

Per pale vert and Or, a badger rampant sable marked argent

Her name was registered 05/2004 via the East. She is releasing her badge, which was registered 02/2010 via the East.

35: Markus von der Oesten - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Per pale argent and sable, two ferrets combattant counterchanged

No major changes. Meaning ('Mark of the East') most important. Markus can be found in Talan Gwynek, "Later Period German Masculine Given Names" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/germmasc.html) dated to 1401-50, in the list of names of Latin or Christian origin from Plauen. von der Osten is found in Brechenmacher, s.n. Ost, dated to 1254.

The device is clear of the in-progress submission of Natasiia Khorokova (Calontir 6/28/2010 xLoI), Per pale sable and argent, two ferrets saliant respectant conjoined at the front paws, with one CD for flipping the tinctures of the field and another for doing the same to the critters.

36: Michael Leopold - New Name forwarded & New Device withdrawn

Or, a moose head caboshed sable within a bordure embattled barry wavy azure and argent

No major changes. Sound (Michael Leo-pold, submitter wants German language/culture) most important. Michael is found in Bahlow/Gentry as a header form, with the entry including the Archangel Michael as an example. Guntram von Wolkenstein, "German Names from Kocise, 1307 - 1505" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/kosice.htm) includes <Michael Kukelbrecht>, dated 1504-5. Leopold is found in Brechenmacher, with <von Leopold> dated 1566. The device was withdrawn by the submitter in order to change the tinctures.

37: Mikjáll bogmaðr - New Name forwarded

The name was submitted as Mikjáll Bogmaðr. No major changes. Meaning (Michael the archer) most important. Mikjáll is found as a given name in Geirr Bassi, p. 13. bogmaðr 'archer' is from Cleasby-Vigfusson. The submitter will accept intermediate changes.

As nicknames are generally not capitalized for Norse names, the name was been changed to Mikjáll bogmaðr.

38: Misha Gryffyth - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Vert, a griffin couchant regardant above a broken collar and chain nowed argent

Submitter has no desire as to gender. Sound ('MEE-shah') most important. Misha is found in Wickenden, 3rd edn., s.n. Mikhail (p. 211), as a diminutive of Mikhail. It is dated to the "late 16th c." in that spelling. Gryffyth is the submitter's husband's registered byname. A letter documenting the relationship was provided at Heralds Point, but was missing from the packet. Pelican has been made aware, and has agreed to accept the word of the consulting herald (Wirdo) that one was obtained. Kingdom does not need to get a new one. The combination of Russian and English is a step from period practice [Tatiana Todhunter, 03/1993].

Although we were told we could go without the letter in this case, the submitter has been contacted to obtain another. It will be sent to Ragged Staff and Pelican when it arrives.

The submitted spelling of the byname is found in Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada, "Naming Practices in 16th Century Gloucestershire" (http://www.medievalscotland.org/kmo/GlocNamePractices/WelshInfluences.shtml#Surnames)). Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "Index of Names in the 1582 Subsidy Roll of London" (http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/english/engsurlondon1582a-m.html) includes the variants <Gryffithe> and <Gryffythe>. The combination of Russian and Elizabethan English is registerable with a step from period practice [Tatiana Todhunter, 03/1993].

39: Morgan ap Madwyn - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Argent, a bend sinister between a harp azure and a rose slipped and leaved gules

Meaning ('son of Madwyn') most important. Morgan is a header form in Morgan & Morgan. It is found as a byname dated 1214 in R&W, s.n. Morgan, along with a given name <Morganus>, dated 1159. ap is the patronymic particle in Welsh, according to Tangwystyl verch Morgant Glasvryn, "A Simple Guide to Constructing 16th Century Welsh Names (in English Contexts)" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/welsh16.html). This article also gives the pattern <given name> ap <father's given name>. Madwyn is found in Morgan & Morgan, s.n. Maldwin, and is dated to the 16th century.

Morgan is also found as a given name in Tangwystyl's article cited above, so the name is consistent for 16th century Wales.

40: Ono no Fujiwara Izumi - New Name forwarded & New Device returned

Argent, a chanomi (tea berry) within a wreath of Japanese wisteria inverted azure

The submitter desires a female name. No major changes. The submitted documented this to match her persona, a Onin-era woman of minor nobility, residing in Kyoto and Uji. Examples of the clan name Ono were <Ono no Imoko>, <Ono no Takamura>, <Ono no Michikaze>, <Ono no Azumabito>, and <Ono no Komachi>. It stated that the clan name is used to indicate the "Fijiwara [sic] branch of the Ono family". Koop & Inada "have documented the combination of both a clan and family name..." (citing NCMJ, pg 68). The given name Izumi was "taken on a whim", but generally falls into the category of "something from nature" used as a root name. Solveig dates it to the Kamakura era, so it was extant (if not common) during the Muromachi era. Solveig also notes that later in the Muromachi, feminine names consisting of simply the root name (Tora, Chiyo,) were common, so Izumi ("spring") should be as well. (ibid, pg. 50). Photocopies from NCMJ are included, as is the Wiki entry on Ono no Komachi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ono_no_Komachi).

For the device, documentation of tea berries and wisteria wreaths was provided from Elements of Japanese Design by John Dower (p. 79, no. 963-6), which states that, "the Zen monk Eisai 'reintroduced' tea in the twelfth century" and that "The origin of the tea berry design is obscure, but it appears to have been derv=ived [sic] from the already well-established design based on the mandarin orange; the latter differs from the former in that it has three leaves behind the fruit and a small circle near the top of the fruit. Ibid., p 82 no. 1033-4 indicates that wisteria is well known to the Japanese including wisteria-viewing parties beginning at the reign of the emperor Daigo (987-930) and large popularity in the latter half of the Heian period. Chanomi is also purportedly found on pp. 43-5, and a wisteria wreath on pp. 139-44, of Japanese Design Motifs (the Matsuya book). Further publication information and photocopies were not provided. Wisteria, including Japanese wisteria, has been registered in the past. No documentation was provided for whether period Europeans had knowledge of the chanomi. This would be the defining instance.

NCMJ indicates that Ono is a family name dated to 1183 (p. 102), with an example given of <Ono no Komachi>, a female, 9th century poet. Fujiwara is a common clan name dated to 669 (p. 391) that is still in use today. Izumi is a surname, not a given name, meaning 'spring'. It is dated 1213 (p. 152), with an example <Izumi Shikibu>, a female poet who was the daughter of a provincial governor. However, it was considered possible that a name of this type could have been used as a given name in the late-period Muromachi era. (The "Onin-era" mentioned by the submitter was thought to refer to the Onin Wars of 1467-7, which falls in the Muromachi period of 1330s-1573.)

Tea is certainly known by Europeans in period, as it was called "chai" in Giovanni Batista Ramusio's Della Navigatione et Viggi (1599), and also mentioned in the writings of L. Almeida (1576), Maffeno (1588), and Tareira (1610). It was first brought to Europe by the Dutch East India Company in 1610, was known in France in 1626, reached Russia by 1638, and was found in England by 1650 (Kakuzo Okakura, The Book of Tea, Arc Manor LLC, 2008, p. 12; http://books.google.com/books?id=d4DIqgwlqh8C&pg=PA12). However, it was not felt that it was definitively established whether this depiction of a chanomi was actually part of a tea plant, or if it was some kind of stylized mandarin orange as suggested in the documentation. It was also not shown whether period Europeans knew the plant and its parts vs. just the dried leaves. Without a positive identification of what this charge actually is, it cannot be accurately blazoned in standard heraldic terms.

Thus, this device is returned because inadequate documentation was provided for the defining instance of a chanomi, in order to fulfill RfS VII.4: "The use of flora and fauna native to the New World, Africa, Asia, and other non-European locales will be registerable if it is reasonable to believe that Europeans knew them in period. Their use will be considered a step from period practice, unless they were used as charges in period heraldry, including crests and badges, in which case their use is not a weirdness....Hybrids or mutations of period forms known to have been developed after 1600 generally may not be used as charges. For example, the English Sheepdog may not be used in Society armory because it was developed after 1600." Note that the caveat about "period heraldry" means period European heraldry; use in Asian mon is not enough to fulfill this requirement. As part of the documentation, photocopies or printouts of any sources cited must be included unless they are found in Appendix H of the Administrative Handbook, or given special dispensation for Pennsic (e.g., articles from the Academy of Saint Gabriel's Medieval Names Archive). Without copies, the summarized information cannot be verified. Commenters attempted to fill in these gaps, so that the submission could be forwarded, but did not succeed.

Secondly, this device is returned for not meeting RfS VII.7.b, Reconstruction Requirement, "Any element used in Society armory must be describable in standard heraldic terms so that a competent heraldic artist can reproduce the armory solely from the blazon". It was very difficult to find any images of a chanomi, and the ones that were found (e.g., http://www.kitade.jp/pages_e/kamon/list_t/t_03.html) do not match this submission. The closest thing we found to this submission was a depiction of what seems to be the inside of the seed or fruit of the plant, taken from Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen from 1897 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koeh-025.jpg). No evidence was found that the fruit of Camellia sinensis is called a "tea berry", which further hampered our searches. The chanomi in the crests that were viewed more closely resembled the flowers of the plant. Commenters thought that the shape of the chanomi resembled a trillium or a nose, and thought that this design could not be reproduced from the blazon.

The submitter should also know that, if these deficiencies are corrected, the current design still may not be registerable because it combines two non-European plants. As seen above, unless we have examples of a charge in period European heraldry, or evidence that a plant has been grown in Europe in period, using that charge is a step from period practice. Only one step from period practice is permitted per item, and this submission potentially has two.

41: Oswyn Northwode - New Name forwarded

The submitter desires a male name. Meaning (spelling: keep the Y in Oswyn) most important. Oswyn is found in Withycombe, s.n. Oswin, with the header spelling dated to the 14th century. The i/y switch is common in English, so this unattested variant seems plausible. Northwode is found in R&W, s.n. Northwood, which gives <Northwud> as a surname in 1205. Ekwall, s.n. Northwood has the submitted spelling dated to 1287-90, 1316, and 1438.

R&W, s.n. Oswin also includes a Latinized form, <Oswinus>, c. 1250, and <Roger Oswin>, 1221. The entry states that it's derived from the Old English Ōswine, 'god-friend'. Commenters noted that Bardsley, s.n. Northwood has <de Northwode> dated 1273 and 1379. Dropping the preposition is unremarkable, per the introduction of R&W.

42: Otto Gottlieb - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Sable, on a bend between six gouttes Or a stein inverted sable

Sound ('Got-leeb') most important. Language (13th-14th C Swabian -> Freiburg IM Briesgan) most important. Culture (13th-14th C Swabian -> Freiburg IM Briesgan) most important. Otto is found in Talan Gwynek, "Medieval German Given Names from Silesia" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/talan/bahlow/bahlowMasc.html), with one instance dated 1397. Gottlieb is a header form in Brechenmacher, which includes the attested spelling <Godelewe>, dated to 1320. The submitter would like to get "as close as possible" to the submitted spelling, but will accept the attested spelling if necessary for registration.

Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "German Names from Nürnberg, 1497" (http://heraldry.sca.org/names/german/nurnbert1497.html) includes <Gotleib> as a masculine given name. Bahlow/Gentry, s.n. Gottschalk has both <Gottschalk> and <Gotschalk> (1470 and 1317, respectively), so the submitted spelling seems reasonable. Unmarked patronyms are found in German, an example of which is <Dytel>, discussed in Talan Gwynek, "Notes on Surnames in German Names from Kosice, 1300 - 1500" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/talan/kosice/).

43: Robert de Meinzeis - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Gules, an elephant statant contourny and on a chief embattled argent a tree fesswise blasted and eradicated azure

Submitter has no desire as to gender. No changes. Sound (unspecified) most important. Robert is a masculine given name described in Black, s.n. Robert as being an Old English personal name. An example is <Alexander Robert>, a Scots man who was arrested as a spy and liberated in 1402. It is also found in the submitted spelling in Talan Gwynek, "Yorkshire Given Names from 1379" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/yorkshire.html#yorkm). de Meinzeis (ibid., s.n. Menzies) appears in the name of <Alexander de Mayneris or Meinzeis>, who had charters from Robert I (1274-1329).

44: Robert Fairfax - Resub Device forwarded

Per pale azure and argent, a chevron wavy between three roundels counterchanged

His name was registered 12/2004 (East). His device, Pily bendy and per pale Or and gules, was returned at the same time for multiple conflicts. This is a complete redesign.

45: Robert Howys of Morningthorpe - New Name forwarded

No major changes. Language (English, 1500s) most important. Culture (English, 1500s) most important. Robert is found in R&W, s.n. Robert, with this spelling dated to 1292. <Robart> is dated to 1332. R&W, s.n. Robertshaw, dates the <Robert> spelling to 1502. It is also found in the submitted spelling in Talan Gwynek, "Yorkshire Given Names from 1379" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/yorkshire.html#yorkm). Howys is found as a surname in Hitching & Hitching, 1601. Morningthorpe is a parish in South Norfolk, according to Ekwall, s.n. Thorpe. Period spellings are <Maringatorp> (DB, 1066), <Meringetorp> (1198), with the -thorpe ending supported by <Castelthorpe> (1252), in the same entry (ibid.). The submitter requests assistance finding a 1500s spelling, or the submitted spelling. He also notes that his wife is submitting the same byname, so both would be using the same spelling if the name must be changed.

The locative is also found as <Moryngthorpe> in (http://books.google.com/books?id=9_5aAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195, p. 195), dated 1517. The i/y switch is unremarkable, so the submitted spelling was considered to be plausible for late period England.

46: Robert Le Chat - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Gules, a bend between a stein and a panther incensed statant to sinister and on a chief argent a hops vine fructed vert

No major changes. Robert is the submitter's legal given name, as attested by Ursula Georges at Heralds Point. The name is also found in R&W, s.n. Catt, with <Robert le Cat> (although it was likely Robertus) found in 1167. It is also found in the submitted spelling in Talan Gwynek, "Yorkshire Given Names from 1379" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/yorkshire.html#yorkm). Lastly, the submitted spelling is found in R&W, s.n. Robert, with this spelling dated to 1292. <Robart> is dated to 1332. R&W, s.n. Robertshaw, dates the <Robert> spelling to 1502. le Chat is found in R&W, s.n. Catt, with <Adam le Chat> dated 1203.

le Chat is also found in Bardsley, s.n. Catt, dated 1199-1216. Additional spellings in the same entry were <le Catt> (1286), <le Cat> (1275), and - without the definite article - <Catte> (1465) and <Cat> (1327). Examples of occupational bynames using Le (rather than le) were found in 'Subsidy Roll 1292: Billingsgate ward', Two Early London Subsidy Rolls (1951), pp. 193-199 (http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=31927), so I am giving the submitter the benefit of the doubt that this was also done for descriptive bynames. Examples of that capitalization were <Walterus Le marberer> and <Simon Le Coteler> (ibid.).

47: Rowan Orr - Resub Device forwarded

Quarterly vert and argent, a tree counterchanged

Her name was registered and a device, Per pale vert and argent, a tree counterchanged was returned on the 09/2009 LoAR (East) for conflict with the device of Aleyn More, Per pale vert and argent, a weeping willow counterchanged and the device of Wolfgang von Valkonberg, Per pale vert and argent, a blasted tree atop a mount counterchanged. The field has been changed to a quarterly division to clear these conflicts.

48: Sara bat Elam - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Vert, on a billet fesswise Or ermined azure, a hare rampant Or

The name was submitted as Sarai bat Elam. No major changes. Language (Middle Eastern/Persian and Hebrew) most important. Culture (Middle Eastern/Persian and Hebrew) most important. Sarai is a Biblical name (the wife of Abraham) found in Genesis 11:29, and is found in Withycombe, s.n. Sara(h) and in Beider, A Dictionary of Ashkenazic Given Names, s.n. Sore. Elam is a place name found in Genesis 10:20 and is the name of the eldest son of Shem, son of Noah, in Genesis 10:22. It is also the name of eight other men in the Bible (1 Chronicles 8:24 and 26:3; Ezra 2:1-2, 7, 31; Ezra 8:7; Ezra 10:3; Nehemiah 10:14 and 12:42). The consulting herald believes that it is a reasonable name for a Biblical period figure, as well as possibly a later Jewish name. The submitter will allow intermediate changes.

The exact transliteration of Sara that was submitted was not attested, other than in the Bible. Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada, "Jewish Names in Ottoman Court Records (16th C Jerusalem)" (http://www.medievalscotland.org/kmo/Jerusalem/WomenFreq.shtml includes the name Sāra). The names in this source were pulled from records in Turkish and Arabic. Sara was also found as a Muslim name in Ursula Georges, "Sixteenth-Century Turkish Names" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/ursula/ottoman/). It is also found in Hebrew in Juliana de Luna, "Jewish Women's Names in an Arab Context: Names from the Geniza of Cairo" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/geniza.html), as is the patronymic particle bat. Considering that the name Sarai in the Bible was changed by God to Sara, it is possible that this transliteration is too unique to be used. As nearly all sources transliterate this name as Sara, the name has been changed to this spelling.

Use of Elam by Jews in period could not be attested; however, as it is a Biblical name, I am giving the submitter the benefit of the doubt that the name could have been used as a masculine name in our period.

49: Seán Sreamach mac Tomáis - New Name forwarded & New Device returned

Argent, on a billet vert a trefoil knot argent

Sound (given name to match his legal name, Sean) most important. Seán is found in Mari Elspeth nic Bryan, "Index of Names in Irish Annals" (http://www.medievalscotland.org/kmo/AnnalsIndex/Masculine/Sean.shtml), in years 1316-1602. The submitted spelling is the standard Early Modern Irish Gaelic nominative form. Sreamigh '[the] Blear-eyed' is a descriptive byname found in years 1377-1405 (ibid., http://www.medievalscotland.org/kmo/AnnalsIndex/DescriptiveBynames/Sreamach.shtml). Tomáis is the standard Early Modern Irish Gaelic genitive form of <Tomás>, found in years 794-1596 (ibid., http://www.medievalscotland.org/kmo/AnnalsIndex/Masculine/Tomas.shtml). The name pattern <single given name> <descriptive adjective> mac <father's given name (in genitive case & sometimes lenited)> is found in Sharon Krossa, "Quick and Easy Gaelic Names" (3rd edn., http://www.medievalscotland.org/scotnames/quickgaelicbynames/#descriptivewithpatronymic).

The device conflicts with that of Ekaterina Iadorovna Kharlampieva (07/1996, Ansteorra), Argent, on a delf throughout vert an elephant statant proper. Delfs and billets were apparently used interchangeably in period, so are not worth a CD, and an elephant proper counts as argent for the purposes of determining conflict. At most, there is a single CD, for the changes to the tertiaries, if proper (gray) in this case does not conflict with argent. Since it count as a metal for the purposes of contrast and the Rule of Tincture, it is possible that it is equivalent to argent.

50: Seán Sreamach mac Tomáis - New Badge forwarded

(Fieldless) A trefoil knot per pale vert and argent

51: Shoshana Gryffyth - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Azure, on a pale sable fimbriated between two griffins combattant, three sheaves of three keys wards to base argent

Shoshana is a modern standard transliteration of the Hebrew feminine given name, found in Beider, Dictionary of Ashkenazic Given Names, s.n. Shoshane. It is dated 1318 and 1338. Citing Beider (ibid.), Academy of Saint Gabriel report no. 3372 (http://www.panix.com/~gabriel/public-bin/showfinal.cgi/3372.txt), states that,

The above letter cites Beider (ibid.) for that information. The submitter prefers the terminal -a. (Note: Beider uses an academic transliteration scheme that's a little conservative in its use of vowels compared to normal use.) Per precedent, modern standard transliterations are registerable for languages like Hebrew [Avraham Harofeh, 10/2003], so the submitted spelling should be acceptable. Gryffyth is found in R&W, s.n. Griffith, with <Jone Gryffyth> dated to 1524. The submitter is aware that she is mixing German Jewish and English name elements. The combination of German and English is a step from period practice [Lillian von Wolfsberg, 11/01]. Neither Hebrew (in German context) nor Yiddish combined with English appears to have been ruled upon to date.

A possible conflict with Susannah Griffon (10/1983, Middle) was called in commentary. However, even though a Christian form of Shoshana is Suzanna, this form of the name was noted as being "unlikely to have been used by Jews among themselves" and "most likely represent Christian substitutes of the Jewish forms". So, even if these variants were used in vernacular, non-Hebrew records to refer to Jewish women, Beider's entry makes it sound as though if there is some difference in pronunciation of the Yiddish form vs. the Christian forms. The bynames also seem to be sufficiently clear by sound and appearance by our normal standards. As such, I am forwarding this on for the experts for further discussion.

52: Shoshana Gryffyth - New Badge forwarded

Sable, a sheaf of three keys wards to base argent

53: Síle inghean mhic Chárthaigh - New Name Change forwarded

Old Item: Síle Bowie, to be released. Her current name was registered 01/2008 via the East. Síle is grandfathered to the submitter. The formation of a two-generation patronymic byname is found in Sharon Krossa, "Quick and Easy Gaelic Names", 3rd edn. (http://www.medievalscotland.org/scotnames/quickgaelicbynames/): <single given name> inghean <father's given name (in genitive case & always lenited unless starting with D, T, L, N, R, or a vowel)> mhic <grandfather's given name (in genitive case & always lenited unless starting with C or a vowel)>. Chárthaigh is the feminine and lenited form of <Mac Cárthaigh>, a header in Woulfe: "They took their name from Cartac, lord of the Eoghanacht, whose tragic death in 1045 is recorded in the Annals."

The given name is also the Early Modern Irish Gaelic form, as found in Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada, "Index of Names in Irish Annals" (http://www.medievalscotland.org/kmo/AnnalsIndex/Feminine/Sile.shtml). Elmet noted that Mac Cárthaigh should be consistent with the Early Modern Irish Gaelic form of the name based on the inclusion of Anglicized 16th and 17th forms in that entry. These forms are M'Carhie, M'Carhig, and O Carhy, corresponding to Mac Cárthaigh and Ó Cárthaigh according to Mari's article "16th & 17th Century Anglicized Irish Surnames from Woulfe" (http://www.medievalscotland.org/kmo/Woulfe/SortedByGaelicRoot_C1.shtml).

54: Sorcha Dhocair inghean Uí Ruairc - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Gyronny Or and vert, a ship sailing to sinister sable between three groups of three goutes de poix, each one and two

Sound (unspecified) most important. Sorcha is described by OC&M as being a "relatively common name in medieval Ireland". It is the standard Early Modern Irish Gaelic form of the name, found in years 1480-1639? in Mari Elspeth nic Bryan, "Index of Names in Irish Annals" (http://www.medievalscotland.org/kmo/AnnalsIndex/Feminine/Sorcha.shtml). inghean Uí is the particle for a clan affiliation byname, according to Sharon Krossa, "Quick and Simple Gaelic Names" (3rd edn., http://www.medievalscotland.org/scotnames/quickgaelicbynames/). Ruaircc is found in years 862-913 in Mari Elspeth nic Bryan, "Index of Names in Irish Annals", s.n. Ruarcc (http://www.medievalscotland.org/kmo/AnnalsIndex/Masculine/Ruarcc.shtml). This article lists <Ruaircc> as the standard Old Irish Gaelic and Middle Irish Gaelic genitive form of the name. OC&M, s.n. Ruarc, gives <Ó Ruairc> as the derived surname. Dhocair '[the] Grievous/Troublesome/Difficult (Mischievous)' is the lenited spelling of a descriptive byname found in Mari's article (http://www.medievalscotland.org/kmo/AnnalsIndex/DescriptiveBynames/Docair.shtml). The article states that <Docair> is the standard Early Modern Irish Gaelic nominative and genitive form, and that is found for years 1383 and 1387.

As Ruiarc is a Middle Irish form, the particle would need to be changed to the Middle Irish form in order for that name phrase to be linguistically consistent. Note, however, that Woulfe has the header Ó Ruairc. Woulfe's headers are generally consistent with Early Modern Irish Gaelic spellings, and Woulfe also lists Anglicized 16th and 17th century examples of this byname, such as M'Royke (corresponding to Ó Ruairc according to Mari's article "16th & 17th Century Anglicized Irish Surnames from Woulfe" (http://www.medievalscotland.org/kmo/Woulfe/SortedByGaelicRoot_R.shtml). it was considered likely that this was an instance where the Gaelic header was the Early Modern Irish Gaelic form. As a result, it was thought that the submitted form was correct.

The name is clear of Sorcha inghean ui Ruairc (03/1999, East) by the addition of the descriptive byname.

55: Temur of the Kirghiz - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Sable, a winged lion passant contourny and a bordure embattled Or

The submitter desires a male name. Culture (Mongol persona, needs name translated to sound right) most important. Temur is a masculine given name found in "Names of the Secret History of the Mongols" by Heather Daveno (http://www.laohats.com/studypages/mongol_names.htm). Kirghiz was a nomadic tribe in the Middle Ages (http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/KHA_KRI/KIRGHIZ.html). The submitter cares most about meaning and the Mongol language/culture, and would like assistance translating the name properly, "but might settle for a Kyrgyz or other central Asia" [sic]. The form noted that Ursula Georges would assist with this one.

Ursula was contacted to assist with this name. She provided information that the Islamic scholar al-Biruni (d. 1030) lists the <XirXîz> among the "peoples of the Sixth Clime", and that the 11th century Islamic scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari lists "<QIr{g)}Iz> which is near China" after a list of Western Turkic tribes, citing Peter Golden, "Cumanica II", 1985/1987 (In: Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Variorum, 2003; chapter XII, p. 20). She noted that, "the capital I represents an un-dotted lowercase I, and the {g)} a letter 'g' with a little cup mark above it. A less careful transliteration might be <Qirqiz>." Thus, it is apparent that the Krygyz were known by some form of the name in period, but we still need a way to construct the name in a Turkic or Mongol context.

56: Tiberius Iulius Rufus - New Household Name forwarded

Domus Pugni Argentei

The name was submitted as Domus Pugnus Argentius. No major changes. The submitter's name was registered 05/2007 via the East, along with a device, Gyronny of sixteen Or and gules, a roundel Or fimbriated and on a chief sable a lightning bolt Or. He also has two badges that were registered 02/2009 via the East: Gules, a gauntleted fist argent within and conjoined to an annulet Or and (Fieldless) A gauntleted fist argent within and conjoined to an annulet Or. This name is intended to be a Latinized form of an English or French inn-sign name meaning 'House of the white/silver fist' or 'silver fist house'. All elements were found in Lewis & Short's Latin Dictionary online, but the submitter was unsure if the proper form should be <Argentus> or <Argentius>. The submitter will allow intermediate changes.

The grammar of the name was corrected using the assistance of commenters on the SCAHRLDS listserve. Using the adjective 'silver', the correct form was Domus Pugni Argentei, and using 'white', Domus Pugni Albi. The question was asked whether a fully Latinized household name could be justified. An example of a fully Latinized inn-sign name was <signum Ursi> (at the sign of the bear), found in the raw data for Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada, "English Sign Names" (http://www.medievalscotland.org/kmo/inn/raw.shtml), and colleges were found with fully Latinized names in Mari Elspeth nic Bryan and Juliana de Luna, "Names of English Colleges" (http://www.medievalscotland.org/kmo/Colleges/Colleges.shtml). Multiple examples following the pattern <metal + object> (e.g., Golden Bell, Golden Cup) and one example of <metal + animal>l (Brass Serpent) were found in Margaret Makafee, "Comparison of Inn/Shop/House names found London 1473-1600 with those found in the ten shires surrounding London in 1636" (http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~grm/signs-1485-1636.html). Body parts used in that article were the hand(s) and head, with one a more complex arrangement of hands being Hand in Hand (1636). As such, the use of 'fist' was considered at least possible. The term itself is found a. 900 ("Pugnas, fyste") to 1650 ("fist") in the OED, with the meaning of a tightly clenched hand. As the heraldic charges cubit arms and arms embowed terminate in clenched hands (Fox-Davies, p. 169, 1978 reprint), this concept didn't seem out of place on an actual inn-sign.

57: Tristan Winter de Calais - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Counter-ermine, on a pale Or three Maltese crosses sable

The name was submitted as Tristan Winter. Tristan is found in Withycombe, s.n. Tristram. The name was a surname in France by the end of the 12th century. <Tristram> has been used as a given name in England since 1189, and as a surname from 1207. Winter is found in R&W, s.n. Winter, with <Roger Winter> found in 1185. The combination of French and English is registerable without a step from period practice. There is a possible conflict with Tristana de Winter (03/1997, Caid). The submitter is aware, and will accept Tristan Winter of Calais or Tristan Winter de Calais if his first choice cannot be registered. The submitter wishes to authorize other changes, if one of those will not work. Calais is a city in northern France. It is found in this spelling in Jean Froissart's Chronicles (multiple manuscripts are transcribed at http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/onlinefroissart) - for example, "...les seigneurs de France a aller a Calais..." ("...the lords of France went to Calais..."), found in Antwerp M 15.5, fol. 333r (http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/onlinefroissart/browsey.jsp?AbsDiv=ms.f.transc.Ant-2&AbsPb=Ant-2_333r&terms=calais). Chronicles was written between 1373 and 1400.

Tristan is also the name of multiple men in Froissart's Chronicles, such as <Tristan de la Gaille> found in M.S. Berlin Rehdiger 3, fol. 120 v (http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/onlinefroissart/browsey.jsp?AbsDiv=ms.f.transc.Bre-3&AbsPb=Bre-3_120v). Due to the expected conflict, the name was changed to add the locative. Bardsley, s.n. Winter has a <Gelle Winter>, dated 1273, and s.n. Callis, has a <de Calays>, dated 1379. The French transcriptions found at the Online Froissart don't appear to have been normalized (although the English translations on the site were), so the submitted spellings seemed to be correct for at least the 14th and 15th centuries.

58: Tysha z Kieva - New Name forwarded

No major changes. Sound (Given name: shortens to Ty or Tiy; byname: contains Kieva) most important. Tysha is a masculine given name found in Wickenden, 3rd edn., s.n. Tisha. The submitted spelling is dated 1650, and variants <Tisha> and <Tyszka> are dated 1495 and 1558, respectively. z Kieva is a locative byname meaning 'from Kiev' based on Wickenden, "Locative Bynames in Medieval Russia" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/toprus.html), with the place name being found in bynames at the beginning of the 16th century. The article gives <iz Kieva> as an example of the construction preposition and genitive form of the placename. Other examples are <Ermak iz Velikozo Dvora> (c. 1492) and <Sarei z Belina> (c. 1462-9). The submitter will allow intermediate changes.

59: Vienna de la Mer - New Badge forwarded

(Fieldless) A sea-monkey vert

Her name and a device, Argent, on a pale wavy between two Latin crosses formy swallowtailed azure a sea-unicorn argent, were registered 01/2004 via the East.

This item was originally under the name Viennet de la Mer. It was changed to her new name, Vienna de la Mer, registered 06/2010 via the East. The badge is to be associated with the new name, which was confirmed by the submitter via email.

The badge is clear of Callistus Gill (badge, 01/2006, Atlantia), (Fieldless) A monkey rampant reguardant vert maintaining a mug Or. There is one CD for fieldlessness, and another for the difference between a monkey and a sea-monkey. There is no difference granted for removing the maintained mug.

60: Wilhelm Turm - New Name Change forwarded & New Device Change forwarded

Per pale argent and sable, on a tower a crescent, a bordure embattled counterchanged

Old Item: Ilias Bathory, to be retained. Old Item: Per pale ermine and sable, a falcon striking azure, to be retained. No major changes. Meaning ('William of/from the Tower') most important. His current name and device were registered 03/2008 via the East. Wilhelm is a header form in Bahlow/Gentry, where it is stated it was used (as a given name, presumably) by 117 knights at a festival in 1171. Turm is found in Brechenmacher, s.n. Turm, with <Wilh. im Turm> found in 1407. The submitter will allow intermediate changes.

The given name appears in the submitted spelling in Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "German Names from Nürnberg, 1497" (http://heraldry.sca.org/names/german/nurnberg1497.html). The Latinized <Wilhelmus> appears in Talan Gwynek, "German Given Names 1200-1250" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/germ13.html).

The preposition "im" in the Brechenmacher entry is a contraction of "in dem" (in the). The cited entry in Brechenmacher states that Turm is an older form of Turn. Under that heading (ibid.), is a <Lambert Turn>, bishop of Cologne, dated 1164.

61: Zappa Venture - New Name forwarded & New Device forwarded

Sable, a coney courant to sinister argent within a bordure bendy of nine argent and vert

The submitter desires a male name. No major changes. Language (13th C Italian) most important. Culture (13th C Italian) most important. Meaning (spelling) most important. Zappa is found in Juliana de Luna, "Masculine Names from Thirteenth Century Pisa" (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/pisa/pisa-given-alpha.html), with one instance. Venture is a byname that occurs twice in the same article (http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/pisa/pisa-bynames-alpha.html).

Standard Bibliography:

[Bahlow/Gentry] Bahlow, Hans. Deutsches Nameslexikon. (Transl. E. Gentry)

[Bardsley] Bardsley, Charles. A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames.

[Beider] Alexander Beider. A Dictionary of Ashkenazic Given Names: Their Origins, Structure, Pronunciation, and Migrations (Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, Inc., 2001)

[Black] Black, George F. The Surnames of Scotland.

[Brechenmacher] Brechenmacher, Josef Karlmann. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Deutschen Familiennamen.

[Cleasby and Vigfusson] Cleasby, Richard, and Gudbrand Vigfusson, An Icelandic-English Dictionary.

[D&R] Dauzat, Albert and Rostaing, Charles. Dictionnaire Etymologique des Noms de Lieux de la France.

[Ekwall] Ekwall, Eilert. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names.

[Geirr Bassi] Geirr Bassi Haraldsson. The Old Norse Name.

[Hitching & Hitching] F. K. &smp; S. Hitching, References to English Surnames in 1601 and 1602.

[Morgan and Morgan] Morgan, T.J., and Prys Morgan. Welsh Surnames.

[Morlet Dictionnaire] Morlet, Maire-Therese. Dictionnaire Étymologique de Noms de Famille.

[Morlet I] Morlet, Marie-Therese. Les Noms de Personne sur le Territoire de l'Ancienne Gaule du VI au XII Si.

[NCMJ] Solveig Throndardottir. Name Construction in Mediaeval Japan.

[OC&M] Ó Corrain, Donnchadh & Maguire, Fidelma. Irish Names.

[OED] Oxford English Dictionary. Compact edn.

[Wickenden] Paul Wickenden of Thanet, A Dictionary of Period Russian Names. 2nd edn.

[R&W] Reaney, P.H. and R. M. Wilson. A Dictionary of English Surnames. 3rd edn.

[Room] Room, Adrian. A Dictionary of Irish Place-Names.

[SMP] Sveriges medeltida personnamn.

[Withycombe] Withycombe, E.G. Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names.

[Woulfe] Woulfe, Patrick. Sloinnte Gaedheal is Gall: Irish Names and Surnames.